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Old 08-27-2010, 09:34 AM   #1
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Default Introductions to Geothermal

What is Geothermal Energy?
} Heat from the Earth, used to:
} Make electric power
} Heat homes, pools, or greenhouses
} Heat water for other uses (making paper, etc.)
} Valuable energy source with low environmental impact
1.JPG

Geothermal energy offers clear advantages for electricity generation
} Far less greenhouse gas is emitted from geothermal plants than from fossil fuel fired plants (~5% of coal)
} Closed-loop production system prevents the discharge of chemical pollutants and waste
} Land use is quite small compared to other fuels (~10% of solar)
} Readily co-exists with natural habitat and agriculture
2.JPG

What are the types of Geothermal Systems?
Natural hydrothermal systems
} Magmatic-Hydrothermal
} Tectonic-deep circulation (faults/high heat flow)
} Geopressured (deep sedimentary basins)
} Magma tap/supercritical (not tried yet)
Engineered reservoirs
} Hot Dry Rock (HDR) – Engineered fractured reservoirs in hot impermeable rock
} Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) – Engineering enhancement of existing fracture networks in hot rock of low to moderate permeability


Commercial Geothermal Systems and Exploitation Approaches
Hot water convecting in a fractured or porous medium with sufficient permeability to allow commercial rates of extraction
Electric Power Generation
} High-enthalpy (T>420ºF) à Condensing Turbine
} Moderate-to-low enthalpy (T>165ºF) à Binary or Combined Cycle (Ormat, Raser, Rankine)
Direct Use
} Low-enthalpy (T<165ºF)à Direct Use (space heating, water process heat, greenhouses, baths
3.JPG

Who uses Geothermal Energy?
} You do! So do millions of other people in Indonesia and around the world
} Cold countries with lots of volcanoes like Iceland
4.JPG

Where is Geothermal Energy Found?
} The margins of the plates that make up the Earth’s crust
} Subduction Zones - The Pacific “Ring of Fire” (including Indonesia)
} Hot spots (Hawaii, Yellowstone)
} Rifts (E Africa)
} Mid-Ocean Ridges (Iceland)
5.JPG

To Be Continued

Last edited by whipstock44; 08-27-2010 at 09:44 AM.
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Old 08-27-2010, 09:53 AM   #2
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Default Introduction to Geothermal Part 2

What does a Geothermal Reservoir look like?
Water convects in networks of cracks in the rocks, bringing heat nearer the surface
6.JPG
In Greek, “geo” means earth and ‘thermos’ means heat, Thus geothermal energy means energy coming from the heat of the earth.
A geothermal system can be likened to a covered pot filled with water. When heated water will boil and produce steam, just like in a geothermal system.
4 elements compose a geothermal system, namely:
1. Heat source
2. Permeable underground reservoir rock which can store water
3. Solid cap rock which maintains pressure
4. Water, which serves as the medium carrying the heat


What do Geothermal Systems look like?
} What are the parts of a Geothermal Reservoir?
} Clay cap
} Fractured rock
} Water and steam
7.JPG

How Are Geothermal Resources Located?
} Look around young volcanoes
} The underground boiler leaks as hot springs and fumaroles
} Looking for the right minerals in rocks
} Surface manifestations normally provide the initial indication that a resource is present
} Sounding of electric currents moving through the Earth
} Drilling of initial exploration wells

How much does the temperature increase as you drill down?
Temperatures usually increase as you drill down in the Earth by 30 to 80 F/km
In areas with young volcanoes this may increase to 100 to 200F/km
Heat source – cooling magma or rock, intruded to shallow levels (<6 km) in the upper crust may be up to 600C
Areas with certain types of rocks with radioactive elements give off heat and increase temperature
8.JPG

How do you get Geothermal Energy?
Drilling wells is usually the best way
} Need to make a pretty hole big (16 to 10 inches)
} Go down to where the rocks are hot enough and fluid is moving (1000 to 4000 m)
} Temperatures of about 450F
} A well can take 20 to 50 days depending on depth and rock types
} This costs A LOT!
9.JPG

How do we produce the hot geothermal fluid?
10.JPG

To Be Continued

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Old 08-27-2010, 01:57 PM   #3
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Default Introduction to Geothermal Part 3

How much useful energy can we get from the Earth?
} Currently the amount of geothermal energy we produce is limited by technology and cost
} Potential for vast increases in production is possible in some areas
11.JPG


Enhanced Geothermal Systems
} Defined as: “All geothermal resources that are currently not in commercial production and require stimulation or enhancement” (US DOE by an MIT-led interdisciplinary panel)
} Conduction-dominated, low-permeability resources that require fracture stimulation to create a producible reservoir
} Principal technology issues are the creation, detection and utilization of a network of fractures at sufficient depth to heat circulating fluids to useful temperatures
12.JPG


End of Introductions ... Please feel free if there is any comments or questions ...


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Old 08-27-2010, 11:37 PM   #4
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14 Re: Introductions to Geothermal

Merged...

Info menarik, tapi apakah ada Eksplorasi Geothermal di Indonesia?
Kalau ada, sangat jarang terdengar. Saya lebih sering mendengar berita Pemadaman listrik PLN di daerah-daerah yang seharusnya memiliki potensi Geothermal.
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Old 08-30-2010, 09:29 AM   #5
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Default Re: Introductions to Geothermal

Quote:
Originally Posted by ilmu bumi View Post
Merged...

Info menarik, tapi apakah ada Eksplorasi Geothermal di Indonesia?
Kalau ada, sangat jarang terdengar. Saya lebih sering mendengar berita Pemadaman listrik PLN di daerah-daerah yang seharusnya memiliki potensi Geothermal.
Eksplorasi untuk Geothermal masih berlanjut terus ... contohnya pada tahun ini ada beberapa Blok yang sudah di pegang oleh beberapa perusahaan baru yaitu Supreme energy ...

$5 billion of deals signed at World Geothermal Congress | Bataviase.co.id

Akan tetapi dari eksplorasi ke Eksploitasi ini yang biasanya memakan waktu lama karena hasil Geothermal 98% digunakan oleh penduduk lokal sehingga infrastruktur pun disini sangat berperan ... infrastruktur ini adalah Grid LIstrik Nasional ... coba bandingkan dengan Oil&Gas yang end productnya digunakan bukan hanya oleh domestik tetapi juga untuk eksport ... bahkan terutama untuk kebutuhan eksport ...

Sama mengenai harga untuk geothermal sekarang masih diatur oleh PLN tidak mengikuti harga listrik lain ... dan pembelinya pun hanya PLN dimana notabene perusahaan yang selalu rugi ... kalo perusahaan rugi terus bayarnya gimana ...??? kalo pembayaran macet perusahaan hulu nya yang memproduksi listrik gimana mau sehat ... akhirnya lingkaran tikus yang tidak ada habisnya ...

semoga memberi penjelasan ...

Regards
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Old 08-31-2010, 02:52 AM   #6
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Default Re: Introductions to Geothermal

Quote:
Originally Posted by whipstock44 View Post
Eksplorasi untuk Geothermal masih berlanjut terus ...
....
Sama mengenai harga untuk geothermal sekarang masih diatur oleh PLN tidak mengikuti harga listrik lain ... dan pembelinya pun hanya PLN dimana notabene perusahaan yang selalu rugi ... kalo perusahaan rugi terus bayarnya gimana ...??? kalo pembayaran macet perusahaan hulu nya yang memproduksi listrik gimana mau sehat ... akhirnya lingkaran tikus yang tidak ada habisnya ...

semoga memberi penjelasan ...

Regards
Maaf kalo salah y kk.
Ini yg saia mengerti bahwa terlepas dari potensi geothermal di Indonesia,
selama faktor keekonomiannya tidak menguntungkan (PLN tidak merugi) maka geothermal tidak akan maju...begitu ya?
maaf kalo salah tangkep

*untung saia ga ngambil kuliah geothermal


kk whipstock44 dulu jurusan apa ya?
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Old 08-31-2010, 03:20 AM   #7
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Default Re: Introductions to Geothermal

Quote:
Geothermal power requires no fuel (except for pumps), and is therefore immune to fuel cost fluctuations, but capital costs are significant. Drilling accounts for over half the costs, and exploration of deep resources entails significant risks. A typical well doublet (extraction and injection wells) in Nevada can support 4.5 megawatts (MW) and costs about $10 million to drill, with a 20% failure rate.

source
Geothermal, masih mahal...


Quote:
---
In total, electrical plant construction and well drilling cost about 2-5 million € per MW of electrical capacity, while the break–even price is 0.04-0.10 € per kW·h.
souce
Kalau di konversi ke rupiah, kira2 20-50 triliun rupiah per MW?
berapa PLN membeli listrik per kW.h?
Rp. 500?

mari berhitung...
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Old 08-31-2010, 08:24 AM   #8
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Default Re: Introductions to Geothermal

Setahu saya beberapa tahun terakhir eksplorasi geothermal di Indonesia sedang giat dilakukan, baik oleh pemain2 lama (Starenergy, chevron, PGE) maupun pemain2 baru (supreme energy, medco, dll). Begitu juga jumlah wilayah konsesi yang telah diberikan ataupun masih dalam tahap tender. Hanya gaungnya mungkin masih terbatas di komunitas geothermal yg saat ini masih terbatas.
Memang benar bhw tantangan utama pengembangan potensi ini adalah masalah keekonomian. Bagaimana skema single buyer (PLN) dengan kemampuan terbatas bisa tetap ekonomis. Untuk tarif listrik besarnya berbeda2 di setiap daerah. Kalau tidak salah (mohon dikoreksi ya) di Jawa 5-6 sen USD/kwh, Sumatera 9 sen, dst.... Kecil memang sehingga industri geothermal tidak lah se-glamor oil/gas industry.
Memang pembangkitan menggunakan geothermal 'terlihat' mahal bila dibandingkan conventional energy lain seperti coal dan hidrokarbon. Tapi ketika 'biaya lingkungan' dimasukkan dalam perhitungan, terlihat geothermal energy merupakan bisnis yang menjanjikan. Jadi klo konsep CDM ataupun carbon credit direalisasikan akan sangat membantu sektor ini.
Intinya pengembangan geothermal merupakan usaha kita untuk diversifikasi sumber energi lah. Ini tidak bertendensi menggusur coal atau menggantikan oil/gas. Seperti kata pepatah, dont put your eggs in one basket.... Yang jelas negara2 seperti Jerman aja mau susah2 ngebor dalam untuk mencari 150degC, masa Indonesia yang cukup ngebor 2000an meter bisa dapet 300degC mensia-siakan potensinya
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Old 08-31-2010, 09:50 PM   #9
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Default Re: Introductions to Geothermal

Diskusi yang menarik.
Selain aspek ekonomi nya, bagaimana dengan metoda eksplorasinya?
apakah sama dengan eksplorasi oil and gas?
karena ada kata "reservoir" untuk geotermal...

terimakasih penjelasannya
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Old 09-01-2010, 08:07 AM   #10
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Default Re: Introductions to Geothermal

Seperti sudah dibahas di awal2 oleh TS....
Dalam ekspl geothermal untuk pembangkit listrik yg ekonomis kita mencari:
1. High temperature (high entalphy) fluid, dalam jumlah yg cukup untuk men-generate listrik dalam waktu tertentu (misal 110MWe untuk 30 tahun)
2. Fluida geothermal tersebut harus bersifat ekonomis (istilahnya benign fluid) seperti tidak terlalu asam, tidak bertendensi scaling, tidak terlalu banyak mengandung gas (NCG) dll
3. High permeable zone yang memungkinkan fluida tersebut diproduksikan

Seperti natural resources lain tahap eksplorasinya juga bertahap mulai regional study, reconaissance, datail study, expl drilling, dan feasibility study yg kemudian dilanjutkan dengan development phase jika ekonomis.

Untuk geothermal yg berkaitan dengan volcanism seperti di Indonesia,
Untuk me-locate HEAT SOURCE, biasanya shallow intrusion --> dengan metode gravity
Untuk me-locate CLAYCAP, biasanya clay alteration (argillic clay) --> metode geolistrik dan magnetotelluric
Untuk me-locate RESERVOIR, biasanya porous pyroclastic rock --> gravity dan pendekatan geology/volcanic facies
Untuk me-locate HIGH PERMEABILITY zone, biasanya active faults --> analysis citra satelit atau foto udara atau menggunakan microeartquake/MEQ
Sedangkan untuk kondisi fluida (temperatur reservoir dan sifat kimiawi fluida) serta model konseptual menggunakan metode geokimia.
Metode2 geologi, geofisika dan geokimia ini dilanjutkan dengan pemboran landaian suhu, pemboran slim holes (sumur diameter kecil untuk pengukuran temp dan press), atau kadang langsung ke pemboran sumur eksplorasi.

Demikian penjelasan yg agak bertele-tele nya Jika ada yg kurang tepat silahkan dikoreksi. Salam.
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